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証券決済革命

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本稿は、日本の証券市場における決済革命の動向を基軸に、革命に対峙する市場参加者の取り組みと、レガシー&エコシステムマイグレーション、イノベーションとエマージングテクノロジーの可能性を提言する。

「証券決済革命」の第1幕は、2018年春に予定される国債決済期間の短縮である。日本市場は2012 年4月アウトライト取引 及びSCレポ取引 のT+2、GCレポ取引のT+1(以下総称して「T+2」)を実現した。革命の第1幕はその「T+1」 への完全移行を目指す。

「証券決済革命」の第2幕は、2019年に予定される株式等の決済期間の短縮である。日本市場は2007年の証券決済DVP化、2009年の株券電子化などを通じて、証券決済システムの高度化に取り組んできたが、株式の受渡日は「T+3(約定日から起算して4営業日目の受渡)」である。革命の第2幕は、その「T+2」 への完全移行を目指す。

決済期間短縮は直接的には決済リスクの削減をもたらす効果がある。また、流動性の向上、国際的な市場間競争力の維持・強化など間接的な効果も期待される。

日本市場の対応状況―セレントサーベイの結果から


期間短縮の流れに対し、日本市場はどう対応してきたか?セレントの「決済期間短縮(国債T+1 / 株式等T+2)対応サーベイ2016」の結果に基づくと、以下のとおりである。

  • 市場参加者の大半は株式等決済の影響度を見極めつつ、国債決済のT+1及び新現先市場への対応に注力している。

  • 現状は不可避な制度改正対応に終始しており、着実ではあるが漸進的な歩みであり、決してダイナミックで前倒しの取り組みとは言えない。

  • 日本国債や株式のグローバル化への期待が9割を超え、非居住者取引の進展、ユーティリティサービス(ITOやBPOなど)の新たなITソーシングモデルの進展への期待も大きい。

証券決済革命の行方と提言

これまでの日本の「証券制度改正」は15年以上の時間を要す穏やかな進展であった。今後の「金融インフラ革命」のスピードが同様であるはずがない。この変化に迅速に追随出来る金融機関が勝者となる。

また、ブロックチェーンやDLT(分散型帳簿テクノロジー)といったテクノロジーの普及は、「金融インフラ革命」の誘因となろう。金融機関は金融インフラの管理を再考すべきタイミングにある。

制度改正とデジタル技術の普及は金融サービスの需要サイド(投資家)に地殻変動を起こし、金融サービスの供給サイド(金融機関)に津波をもたらした。また、そうした地殻変動に俊敏に対応するため、取引所や清算機関といった金融市場インフラとの関係の簡素化を制度改正は要請する。そのインパクトを正しく認識し、新たなビジネスモデルと、それを司るITソーシングの模索が必要である。

「証券決済革命」に際して、セレントは「モジュラー・フィナンシャルサービス」への移行を提唱する。そのアーキテクチャは、I) 顧客経験の管理、II) 商品サービスの管理、プロセスの管理、リスクの管理、III) インフラの管理、の3つの階層的なモジュール群から構成される。今回の制度改正対応は、III) 「インフラの管理」が焦点である。

金融インフラの管理、つまり金融インフラ(取引所、清算機関、決済インフラ)との接続関係を固定化し縛り付けてしまうことは、戦略自由度を下げるばかりでなく、ビジネスとITソーシングモデルの選択肢を狭める。

標準化、モジュール化と外部化、そして規模と範囲の経済の獲得が、こうしたディスラプティブ・モデルの勝因となる。

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